![]() In the first part I survey the number of issued patents on the production of isotopes, also arguing that the isotope industry was typified by inadequate patenting activities. ABSTRACT: This paper analyses the role that patents played in the establishment of the isotope industry. 7.-Conclusions: the contentious business. 5.-The Patent Compensation Board (PCB) activities. All rights reserved.ĭynamis Fecha de recepción: 22 de febrero de 2008 2009 29: 191-217 Fecha de aceptación: 4 de abril de 2008 SUMMARY: 1.-Introduction. © 2009 by the Regents of the University of California. This paper chronicles the use of the page-charge pricing mechanism for physics journals so as to reveal the often hidden, yet heated, pursuit to define the journal as an object that creates benefits for, and deserves financing from, the public at large, scholars, and research patrons. Some were obvious, such as the generosity of the research patronage others less so, such as dominant economic metaphors, administrative decisions made by taxing and postal authorities, and changes in intellectual property law. Several factors influenced how much revenue the page charge generated. In physics, discussion of the economic status of the journal, as explored here for the journals of the American Institute of Physics, occurred in concert with the initial creation of the page-charge pricing mechanism in the 1930s, its enlarged role during the Cold War, and its diminished influence starting in the 1970s. One issue debated and negotiated by academics, scholarly societies, and research patrons has been whether the journal was a public good, a private commodity, or some combination of the two. The definition of the physics journal as an economic object has changed significantly over the course of the twentieth century. In this way, I conclude, the path for the Italian project to ‘‘de-develop’’ was set. I argue that these offers undermined plans to shape the nuclear program as its Italian architects had envisioned, caused them to reconsider the goal of self-sufficiency in energy provisioning, and reconfigured the project to be amenable to the security and economic priorities of the U.S. I explain the reasons for this outcome by looking at the unfolding of U.S.–Italy relations and the offers of collaboration in the atomic energy field put forth by the U.S. ![]() ![]() Yet, this paper reveals that the atomic energy project resulted in actually increasing Italy’s dependence on overseas assistance. One of the committee’s goals was to use nuclear power to make the country less reliant on foreign energy provisions. The Peace Treaty of 1947 forbade its administration from seeking to acquire atomic weaponry, but in 1952 a national research committee was set up to explore the peaceful uses of atomic energy, in particular with regard to building nuclear reactors. After World War II had ended, Italy, not unlike other developed countries, held the ambition to establish an atomic energy program. ![]()
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